Resources
Learn how to use tools, the Workspace, pipelines and optional sync without uploading your files.
Learn how to visually edit a PDF in your browser: add text and annotations, insert images or signatures, apply watermarks and choose when a specialized tool is better.
Learn why covering text is not enough, how secure PDF redaction removes sensitive information and why sanitization matters before sharing.
Learn how to fill interactive PDF fields and flatten them into a finalized document for sharing.
Calculate actual working time between a start and end time, subtract breaks and handle shifts that cross midnight.
Understand the difference between business days, business hours and working time, then calculate useful time inside opening hours.
Understand common date formats, avoid international ambiguity and learn when to use local dates, ISO 8601 or Unix timestamps.
Generate a date range or recurring series for schedules, repeated deadlines and date lists without a spreadsheet.
Date differences, durations, business days, ISO weeks, recurrences and formats: choose the right date and time calculation.
Convert times between countries, understand daylight saving time and find international meeting slots without mental arithmetic.
Understand NPV, IRR and payback period, their differences and limitations, and how to use them together when comparing investment projects.
Resize a batch of images, convert them to WebP and remove metadata with one reusable Pipeline.
Clean a scanned PDF before OCR to remove unnecessary pages and create a more useful searchable document.
Learn how income, existing debts, down payment, interest rate and loan term shape mortgage affordability and your realistic home-buying budget.
Learn how to calculate debt-to-income from income, housing and monthly debt payments, why residual income matters, and how a new payment changes the picture.
Understand how pixels, color channels, bit depth, and transparency come together to form an image displayed on a screen.
Distinguish pixel dimensions, pixel density, and DPI so you can resize images for the Web or print without unnecessary loss of sharpness.
Understand how RGB, HEX, and HSL describe sRGB colors so you can choose readable CSS notation and convert values without confusion.
Extract dominant colors from an image, assign them useful roles, and build a coherent palette without confusing frequency with visual importance.
Understand WCAG contrast thresholds, measure color combinations, and fix cases that make an interface harder to read or use.
Choose the right image format for photos, screenshots, transparent graphics, and interfaces without sacrificing quality or performance unnecessarily.
Reduce image file size with appropriate dimensions, format, and controlled quality while avoiding unnecessary visible degradation.
Learn how SVG describes shapes, uses viewBox, integrates into Web pages, and should be handled for responsiveness, accessibility, and security.
Reduce SVG file size by cleaning markup, precision, paths, styles, and metadata while protecting rendering, accessibility, and security.
Understand srcset, sizes, width and density descriptors, picture, art direction, and how browsers choose the right responsive image candidate.
Understand EXIF, GPS, XMP, IPTC, ICC profiles, rights information, and how to manage image metadata for privacy, publishing, and Web performance.
Build a complete Web image optimization pipeline: dimensions, formats, compression, responsive variants, metadata, loading, caching, LCP, CLS, and measurement.
Calculate concrete volume, site allowance and the quantity to order for slabs, footings, walls or cylindrical posts.
Calculate paintable area, coats, coverage and the cans to buy.
How many tiles and boxes should you buy?
How many concrete blocks for a wall?
Understand peak level, RMS and LUFS, when normalization is useful, and how to make several audio files sound more consistent.
Compare common audio formats, compatibility, compression and typical uses to choose the right working, archive or distribution format.
Learn how bitrate, lossy and lossless compression affect audio quality and file size, and choose sensible settings for distribution.
Understand speed changes, fade-ins, fade-outs and audio reversal, with practical advice for editing and reusable browser workflows.
Understand sample rate, why 44.1 kHz and 48 kHz are common, and when converting an audio file sample rate is actually useful.
Learn the difference between mono and stereo, when downmixing is useful, and how to split left and right channels into separate files.
Combine trimming, channels, sample rate, normalization, compression and export into a clear, reusable audio processing pipeline.
How much gravel in m³, tonnes or bags?
How to calculate slope in percent, degrees and rise
How many drywall boards, studs and screws?
How much flooring: packs, underlay and skirting
Insulation: thickness, lambda and R-value explained
How many wallpaper rolls with a pattern repeat?
WebAssembly, browser APIs and faster devices enable more processing locally. How far can this approach replace services that upload files to servers?
A practical method for estimating concrete, screed, bricks, render, fencing, decking and other materials before you order.
Resize, compress and choose between WebP, AVIF and other formats with a practical workflow that reduces file size without unnecessary visual loss.
Move from a single tool to a multi-step workflow, test intermediate results and save a reusable pipeline in the Bethemesh Workspace.
Bethemesh has passed 200 tools. The next challenge is not only catalogue growth, but making transformations work together in the Workspace and pipelines.
A practical workflow for checking, merging, reordering, sanitizing, compressing and protecting a final PDF before sending it.
WebP, AVIF and JPEG XL have different strengths. Compare compatibility, compression, transparency, HDR and fallback strategies in 2026.
A practical method for turning project dimensions into quantities to buy: areas, volumes, waste allowances, packaging and final checks.
Learn how to size a staircase from total rise, number of risers, tread depth, available run and the Blondel relationship.
Calculate deck area, boards or pavers required, cutting allowance and the underlying material layers to plan.
Estimate roof-tile quantities from the true roof area, pitch, effective tile coverage and an appropriate waste allowance.
Four practical examples for calculating bricks, screed volume, render quantity and fence posts without mixing area, volume and units.
Check metadata, canonical, robots, structured data, URL, internal links and images before a page goes live.
Design stable readable URLs, normalize slugs and parameters, and reduce duplicate or ambiguous public routes.
Learn how tabular data is structured, how CSV, Excel, JSON and TSV differ, and how to choose the right format before cleaning, converting or automating a workflow.
Understand how PDF files are structured, the difference between native and scanned PDFs, and the right operations for merging, reorganizing, converting or completing documents.
Use robots.txt correctly, understand what it can and cannot block, and avoid confusing crawl control with deindexing.
Understand structured data, choose relevant Schema.org types and generate JSON-LD that matches visible page content.
Understand the layers that protect a website: HTTPS, HTTP security headers, CSP, SRI, authentication, passwords and integrity.
Understand crawling, indexing, canonicals, metadata, structured data, performance and internal linking without confusing optimization with ranking.
Learn how title, description, canonical and social metadata work together and avoid common technical SEO mistakes.
Learn a practical order for removing empty rows, trimming values, standardizing headers, checking identifiers and validating a CSV or Excel dataset.
Learn how to introduce a CSP progressively, understand its main directives, Report-Only mode, nonces and common mistakes.
Learn when to merge PDF files, when to split one document, and how extraction and reordering differ from these two operations.
Understand HSTS, CSP, X-Content-Type-Options, Referrer-Policy and Permissions-Policy and how to verify the headers actually returned.
Understand how to define a reliable duplicate key, distinguish exact and business duplicates, and validate a CSV before and after deduplication.
Understand the difference between extracting, reordering and rotating PDF pages, and choose the right operation without unnecessary conversion.
Reduce a WAV file to a compact MP3 in the browser while understanding the quality trade-off.
Create a smaller MP3 listening or sharing copy from a lossless FLAC source directly in the browser.
Learn why MP3-to-FLAC conversion cannot restore lost quality and when the conversion can still be useful.
Convert, trim, adjust volume and merge MP3, WAV, FLAC, OGG, M4A or Opus files, then combine these operations in a pipeline.
Understand what MP3-to-WAV conversion changes, when it is useful, and how to run it locally in your browser.
Choose the right output when converting an OGG file to MP3, WAV or FLAC locally in your browser.
Adjust audio gain locally in the browser and understand clipping, sensible levels and pipeline order.
Learn what changes when PDF pages are rasterized, how resolution and image format affect quality, and when to assemble images into a PDF.
Learn when to filter rows, sort records, keep only useful columns and rename headers so a CSV is easier to analyze, merge or export.
Understand how SRI hashes help detect unexpected changes to static third-party scripts and stylesheets, and where SRI does not apply.
Keep a precise interval from MP3, WAV or another audio file locally and use the result in a pipeline.
Combine MP3, WAV, FLAC or OGG sources into one audio file and organize the operation as a multi-file pipeline.
Add a visual element to a PDF while choosing the right page, placement, dimensions and source image quality.
Learn how to align headers, verify schemas and combine several CSV or Excel files while avoiding duplicated or shifted columns.
Learn what a JWT contains, why decoding is not verification, how claims such as exp, nbf, iss and aud work, and common security mistakes.
Understand how to place the visual appearance of a handwritten signature in a PDF and why this is not the same as a cryptographic electronic signature.
Understand why length and uniqueness matter, how password managers, MFA and passkeys complement passwords, and how servers should store them.
Discover when to split a large table by row count or by a column value, and how to preserve a useful structure in every output file.
Learn how to compare two versions of a table using a stable key and distinguish added, removed and modified records.
Distinguish hashing from encryption and encoding, understand SHA-256 and SHA-3, collisions and the limits of a hash without authentication.
Understand why local processing matters for sensitive PDFs, what it reduces, and which privacy precautions remain necessary before sharing a document.
Understand delimiters, encodings, types, nested JSON and spreadsheet features before converting data between CSV, Excel, JSON and TSV.
Plan PDF operations in the right order and discover the expanded set of reusable PDF Pipeline recipes.
Put cleaning, validation, filtering, merging, comparison and conversion in a sensible order, and learn when a reusable pipeline is better than isolated tools.
Learn how to calculate a difference between dates, add or subtract a duration, count days to a deadline, and distinguish calendar days from business days.
Understand the difference between a clock time and a duration, calculate intervals between times, and convert seconds, minutes, hours, days and weeks.
Understand ISO 8601 week numbers, Unix timestamps in seconds or milliseconds, and the difference between human-readable dates and technical time values.
Learn how to calculate a discount, find the reduction percentage and correctly combine successive discounts.
Learn how to convert net to gross, recover net from gross and calculate the VAT amount correctly.
Understand the ROI formula, how to interpret it, annualize it and recognize its limits when measuring investment profitability.
Learn how to calculate break-even in units and revenue, contribution margin and the break-even point.
Learn how to convert hourly pay to monthly or annual salary, find an hourly rate and understand the 151.67-hour monthly basis.
Understand how to estimate net-before-income-tax pay from gross salary, reverse the calculation and why no single rate fits every situation.
Learn how to calculate a salary raise, find the percentage between two salaries and measure the monthly or annual increase.
Learn how to calculate a loan payment, read an amortization schedule, track the remaining balance and measure the impact of extra repayments.
Understand the compound interest formula and the effect of rate, time and regular contributions, with examples and a calculator.
Learn how to calculate commercial margin, distinguish margin rate from markup rate and set a selling price from a target margin.
Discover how Ken Thompson connected Unix, the B language, and Go through the same pursuit of simplicity, efficiency, and composable tools.
Discover how John McCarthy designed Lisp to represent reasoning, turning lists, recursion, and code itself into structures programs could manipulate.
Learn how Alan Kay connected object-oriented programming, Smalltalk, the Dynabook, and graphical interfaces to make the computer a medium anyone could shape.
Learn how Barbara Liskov transformed software design through abstract types, CLU, the substitution principle, and fault-tolerant distributed systems.
Learn how Robin Milner connected theorem proving, ML, type inference, and concurrency models to give software rigorous foundations.
Learn how Brian Kernighan shaped AWK, spread C and Unix, created specialized tools, and established an enduring approach to teaching programming.
Learn how Anders Hejlsberg connected languages, compilers, and development tools through Turbo Pascal, Delphi, C#, and TypeScript.
Learn how Larry Wall created Perl to automate Unix, process text, and unite a community, along with the strengths and limits of its expressive design.
Learn how Yukihiro Matsumoto designed Ruby as an expressive object-oriented language and guided its collective evolution before and after Ruby on Rails.
Learn how Rasmus Lerdorf’s personal tools became PHP, then a collective language that made the dynamic Web accessible to millions of creators.
Discover how Guido van Rossum built Python from lessons learned with ABC, guided its evolution, and prepared a personal language to become a community project.
How Brendan Eich created the first JavaScript at Netscape and helped turn it into the standardized programming language of the Web.
How James Gosling and Sun's Green team designed Java: from Oak and virtual machines to portability and the language's lasting legacy.
From ABC to Python’s steering council, discover how readability, extensibility, and community governance shaped the language.
From Project Green to OpenJDK, discover how Java built portability around bytecode, the JVM, and a long-lived ecosystem.
From Netscape’s prototype to ECMAScript and Node.js, discover how JavaScript became the Web’s universal programming platform.
Learn how to calculate areas, perimeters, diagonals, angles, surfaces and volumes, and open the Bethemesh geometry calculator directly on the shape you need.
Understand and convert length, mass, volume, temperature, speed, pressure, energy, digital storage and many other units with practical examples.
Discover how Niklaus Wirth used Pascal, Modula, and Oberon to connect languages, algorithms, modularity, and computer architecture.
How Bjarne Stroustrup evolved C with Classes into C++, balancing abstraction, compatibility, and control over resources.
From Niklaus Wirth's teaching goals to UCSD Pascal and Turbo Pascal, discover how Pascal spread structured programming.
From C with Classes to modern C++, discover how the language reconciled abstraction, generic programming, compatibility, and performance control.
From Simula and Smalltalk to modern classes and prototypes, understand objects, messages, encapsulation, polymorphism, and the limits of inheritance.
Discover how Grace Hopper helped transform programming by making computers translate readable instructions into machine operations.
Discover how John Backus led the creation of FORTRAN, formalized language syntax, and proposed another way to think about programs.
How Dennis Ritchie designed C and helped develop Unix, two foundations that made systems software more portable.
How John Backus's team created FORTRAN, persuaded scientists to adopt a high-level language, and founded a lasting heritage of numerical computing.
From BCPL and B to Unix, discover how C balanced portability, efficiency, and hardware control before influencing generations of languages.
Explore Ada Lovelace's life, her collaboration with [Charles Babbage](/en/resources/charles-babbage-father-computing), her Bernoulli numbers algorithm, and the legacy of the woman often described as the first computer programmer.
Discover Charles Babbage, his Difference Engines, his Analytical Engine project, and the legacy of a pioneer regarded as a father of computing.
Understand Charles Babbage's Difference Engine, its use of finite differences, and the reconstruction built by the Science Museum.
Discover how punched cards controlled looms, inspired Charles Babbage, and served programming and data processing for more than a century.
Explore Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine: its store, mill, punched cards, loops, and the principles of a programmable computer.
Explore Alan Turing’s work on computability, his role at Bletchley Park, his computer designs and his foundational contribution to artificial intelligence.
Discover Claude Shannon's work on logic circuits, bits, entropy and information theory, the mathematical foundation of digital communication.
Explore John von Neumann's contributions to mathematics, game theory, early computers and the stored-program model.
Understand the Turing machine, its tape, states, read-write head, and its role in defining algorithms and the limits of computation.
Comprenez le modèle de von Neumann, ses unités de calcul, de contrôle, de mémoire et d'entrée-sortie, ainsi que le principe du programme enregistré.
How Claude Shannon made information measurable and established the mathematical limits of compression and reliable communication.
Understand the account's role and the boundary between synchronized recipes and files that always remain local.
Organize your recipes so frequent pipelines are easy to find and reliable variants are quick to create.
Understand the three ways to use Bethemesh and choose the workflow that best fits your needs.
The optional account synchronizes JSON recipes only. Files and results always stay local.
Local result analysis suggests useful transformations while keeping content private.
Understand why some modules appear or remain unavailable depending on the pipeline's data type.
Learn what local processing means and why your files remain in your browser.
Learn how to combine several modules into a linear, readable, and reusable workflow.
Discover how the Bethemesh Workspace lets you chain multiple operations, build visual workflows, and reuse your pipelines.
Back up your configuration to a JSON file and restore it in another browser.
Learn how to build your first pipeline in Bethemesh to automate repetitive tasks and reuse your workflows with just a few clicks.
Learn how to reuse your Bethemesh pipelines efficiently to save time and standardize your workflows.
Learn how to synchronize your pipelines across multiple devices while keeping full control over your data.
Understand why synchronization conflicts occur and learn how to resolve them without losing your work.
